With the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, the Bolsheviks became not just traitors to the war but a political threat to democratic-capitalist nations. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Steve Thompson Two of these first White governments were formed by Socialist-Revolutionaries: the Provisional Siberian Government, based in Vladivostok, and the Committee of Constituent Assembly Members, formed in Samara. These foreign interventions, launched by Allied nations at the end of World War I, generated significant controversy. It drew in many disparate political and military groups, nationalist movements and social classes. 1 Combatants 1.1 Bolsheviks 1.2 White Movement 1.3 COMMUNIST REBELS (Russian SFSRball and allies) 1.3.1 COMMUNISM SUPPORT 1.4 NATIONALISTS AND ALLIES (White Movementball and allies) 1.4.1 ALLIED SUPPORT 1.5 CERTRAL … This was achieved without allied aid. Trotsky and Bonch-Bruevich (a vital ex-Tsarist commander) pragmatically organized them along traditional military lines and used Tsarist officers, despite socialist complaints. Hope everybody can follow this. Wilde, Robert. While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very next day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political ban became a catalystfor the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime. The Don Cossacks, after initial problems, rose and seized control of their region and started pushing out. The civil war was at its peak during its first year and dragged on for five years, devastating the country. Wilde, Robert. There were also the ‘Greens’. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. They became known as the Whites, an umbrella term that described anyone opposed to Lenin and his government. Foreign military intervention was lukewarm at best. They now came under the command of General Denikin. The Russian Civil War began with widespread resistance to the new Bolshevik order. The Reds were by no means popular, but they were more popular than the conservative Whites thanks to land reform; by no means an effective government, but more effective than the Whites. Among those campaigning for a war effort was Winston Churchill. The Whites were rooted in the old Tsarist and monarchical regime, while Russia’s masses had moved on. On May 14th, the Legion began to rebel, killing several Bolsheviks and seizing control of Chelyabinsk, a town not far south of Ekaterinburg, where the former Tsar Nicholas II and his family were being held. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were accepted as an independent. The Civil War was born of anti-Bolshevik activity following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the closure of the Constituent Assembly and the revolt of the Czech Legion. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-russian-civil-war-1221809 (accessed March 21, 2021). To do this the British, French and US landed a small expeditionary force at Murmansk and Archangel. The Northwestern Army, under Yudenich advanced out of the Baltic and threatened St. Petersburg before his ‘allied’ elements went their own way and disrupted the attack, which was pushed back and collapsed. These White regimes were backed and assisted by foreign governments, particularly the major Allies, though they were reluctant to become directly involved in the Civil War. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-russian-civil-war-1221809. A third of the Communist party (the old Bolshevik party) members who joined in 1917; 20 had fought in the war and gave the party an overall feeling of military command and unquestioned obedience to orders. As a result, the Whites failed to win support from the people or present themselves as an alternative to the Soviet regime. It ended with a communist victory. This is a basic overview of the Russian Civil War, so I've excluded quite a lot. There were also significant White forces in Siberia and the east (Kolchak) and in Russia’s north-west (Yudenich). He then took Kharkov and Tsaritsyn, broke out into Ukraine, and began a general move north towards Moscow from across large parts of the south, providing the greatest threat to the Soviet capital of the war. Most foreign powers refused to recognise the legitimacy of the Bolshevik regime, dealing instead with White generals in exile. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-russian-civil-war-1221809. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. Title: “The Russian Civil War 1918-21” The Red Terror of the Cheka was more effective than the White Terror, allowing a greater grip on their host population, stopping the sort of internal rebellion that might have fatally weakened the Reds. This failure allowed the Bolsheviks to establish themselves as rulers of the new, communist USSR, which would directly and substantially affect European history for decades. This gave them better access to infrastructure, communications and supply lines. However, when the Red Army ordered them to disarm after a brawl, the Legion resisted and seized control of local facilities including the vital Trans-Siberian Railway. The Bolsheviks saw the war as a struggle between their workers and Russia’s upper and middle classes, and as a war of socialism against international capitalism. A Russian Imperial Army unit that served in World War I, the Czech Legion contained volunteers of Czech and Slovak heritage who enlisted to defend their homeland. In September 1918, these two bodies merged and relocated to the city of Ufa. For many, the war happened so early in the lifespan of the Bolshevik’s rule that it had a massive effect, leading to the party’s willingness to coerce by violence, use highly centralized policies, dictatorship, and ‘summary justice’. They were, in practice, comprised of ad hoc groups opposed to both the Bolsheviks, and sometimes each other, and were outnumbered and overstretched thanks to controlling a smaller population over a huge area. Resistance continued in Siberia and Central Asia until the mid-1920s. Publisher: Alpha History The dates of these attacks (May 25th, 1918) are often incorrectly called the start of the Civil War, but the Czech legion did swiftly take a large territory, especially when compared to the armies in World War 1, thanks to seizing almost the entire railway and with it access to vast areas of Russia. Thousands of perceived opponents of the Bolsheviks were murdered by the Cheka, and life among the peasants was miserable. 4. They were fighting to retain control and keep Russia together. The major failure of 1920 was the attack on Poland, which followed Polish attacks into disputed areas during 1919 and early 1920. In the weeks that followed, the Czech Legion continued its revolt against Bolshevik authority, seizing control of towns and stations along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Equally crucially, the Reds had access to the hub of the rail network and could move troops around quickly, and controlled the key supply regions for both men and material. Foreign powers also intervened in Russia in an attempt to force the collapse of Bolshevism. The Whites urged them to stay, claiming that the Reds were a major threat to Europe, but after a series of peace initiatives failed the European intervention was scaled back. The Bolsheviks worked with other socialist groups like the Mensheviks and SRs when they needed to, and turned against them when the chance was there. Opposition began to grow and intensify into a fully-fledged counter-revolutionary movement. In 1917, after the second revolution in one year, the socialist Bolsheviks had seized command of Russia’s political heart. Not only one must see alliances, but analyze the reason behind the different formations of different factions. It took until 1922 for Japan to pull their troops out of the Far East. RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR. The Red Army had survived in 1919 and had time to solidify and become effective. Here is the whole story. Russia’s October Revolution of 1917 produced a civil war between the Bolshevik government and a number of rebel armies. URL: https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/russian-civil-war/ In this segment, the intent is to provide background reading on the Civil War, as well as explore the origins of the conflict. Quite what effect the war had on the Bolsheviks, who started with a loose grip on Russia with little established, and ended firmly in charge, is debated. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. How and why did the Bolsheviks win the Russian Civil War? Get the best deals on Russian Civil War Russia & Soviet Union Stamps when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Part of the Russi By June 1918 this force had survived great difficulties from the infamous Russian winter, fighting the ‘First Kuban Campaign’ or the ‘Ice March’, a near-continuous battle and movement against the Reds that lasted over fifty days and saw their commander Kornilov (who may have attempted a coup in 1917) killed. Russian Civil War. Operating under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky, they had a uniform agenda, albeit one that as the war continued. These short-lived White governments were based in Ekaterinburg, Novorossiysk, Priamuraye, Pskov, Sevastopol and Transbaikal. They became known as the ‘Whites’ in contrast to the Bolsheviks' ‘Red Army’. A ‘Government of South Russia’ under Vrangel was formed in the region as the remainder fought on and advanced out but were pushed back. Consequently, they failed to pull together in a unified front and were forced to operate independently. There were battles in Ukraine and surrounding areas between other countries over territory. Russia’s October Revolution of 1917 produced a civil war between the Bolshevik government and a number of rebel armies. More evacuations then took place: nearly 150,000 fled by sea, and the Bolsheviks shot tens of thousands of those left behind. They outnumbered and outproduced their opponent's thanks to holding the core of Russia, and could defeat their enemies piecemeal. Other White gains were also driven back as the Reds took advantage of overreaching lines. Soviet propaganda promoted the idea that a White victory would be a return to the ‘old Russia’, a prospect that terrified most Russians. The Czech Legion was allowed to travel east and evacuate by sea. In 1917 Russia was in a state of political strife. The SRs created their own republic in Volga but their socialist army was beaten. Their victory can be attributed to several factors. In addition, Lenin wanted a brutal civil war so he could sweep away the substantial opposition in one bloodletting. The Russian Civil War was a three-year struggle for control of Russia, fought by the Bolshevik Red Army, counter-revolutionary White armies and other non-aligned forces. They had the stated goals of helping the Czechoslovak Legion, of securing supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports, and of re-establishing the Eastern Front. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. Different nations had different goals: from simply maintaining a … The Russian Civil War was a pervasive and often intense conflict. The Russian Civil War raged from 1918 until the start of 1921. Armed independence movements in the newly declared republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan were crushed, and large portions added to the new USSR. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. The lives of tens of millions were lost or changed forever in the ensuing conflagration-from battle, disease, famine, imprisonment, execution, dislocation, and exile. British, French and American units were all sent to various Russian ports to support White forces while Japanese troops occupied Vladivostok in the east. Anti-Bolshevik forces took advantage of the chaos to coalesce here and new White armies emerged. Units were often formed spontaneously in response to local conditions, events or Bolshevik actions. The size, strength and leadership of these White armies varied considerably. US Involvement in Russian Civil War 1918-1920. The main zone of conflict was in the country's south, although disturbances occurred nationwide. Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War in 1918. The colour white wa… Russian Civil War: Red Terror, White Terror, 1917–1922 (History of Terror) - Kindle edition by Foley, Michael. By May 1918, the Legion was distributed along the Trans-Siberian Railway but found itself unable to move due to transport shortages and Bolshevik red tape. For more details, see our Privacy Policy. Support for the war and the Czar, Nicholas II, was dwindling and the country was on the brink of revolution. All sides committed great atrocities. In 1918 a variety of different groups opposed the Bolshevik government. Citation information Disjointed and incoherent strategy. 1. Deniken, with his ‘Volunteer Army’ and the Kuban Cossacks, had great success with limited numbers against larger, but weaker, Soviet forces in the Caucasus and Kuban, destroying a whole Soviet army. By the spring of 1918, elements dissatisfied with the radical policies of the communists (as the Bolsheviks started calling themselves) established centers of resistance in southern and Siberian Russia. The Russian Civil War of 1918-1922 arose out of the cataclysmic events of World War One. 2. France and Italy urged a major military intervention, Britain and the US much less. The Russian Civil War was to tear Russia apart for three years – between 1918 and 1921. Some misguided historians believe the US intervention in the Russian Civil War was an imperialistic adventure. Kolchak, pushed out of Omsk and vital supply territory by the Reds, tried to establish himself at Irktusk, but his forces fell apart and, after resigning, he was arrested by left-leaning rebels he’d managed to totally alienate during his rule, given to the Reds, and executed. Some of these groups established counter-revolutionary regimes, usually based in a particular city or region. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia. The ‘Reds’ were clustered around the capital. This occurred haphazardly with no planning or coordination. This section includes books and articles, as well as compilations of primary sources. Timeline of the Russian Revolutions: 1918, Biography of Joseph Stalin, Dictator of the Soviet Union, Biography of Czar Nicholas II, Last Czar of Russia, Biography of Leon Trotsky, Russian Marxist Revolutionary, Operation Barbarossa in World War II: History and Significance, The Significance of the Color Red in Russian Culture, World War I and The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University, B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University. Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. By the end of June 1918, counter-revolutionaries controlled most of the railway and with it, all of Siberia. The worker’s revolt the Reds were anticipating didn’t happen, and the Soviet army was ejected. 3. The Civil War saw the formation of White armies and governments in different locations around Russia, particularly in the north, southern Russia and Siberia. Kolchak’s arrest and execution in February 1920 was an important turning point, while the retreat of Wrangel‘s army from southern Russia in November 1920 marked the Bolshevik victory in European Russia. (2020, August 27). These phony historians pick out certain facts and ignore others to give you an inaccurate view of what really happened. Tens of thousands of Whites fled through the Crimea as Denikin and his army were pushed right back and morale collapsed, the commander himself fleeing abroad. The Reds were also able to tap into the Tsarist mindset to dominate. The Bolshevik mission was to establish a soviet socialist republic across Russia. One is that the Bolsheviks, for all their problems, fought with a clear political objective and unity of purpose. It was a brutal conflict that produced terror, war crimes and human suffering on catastrophic levels. The German and Austro-Hungarian invasion of the Empire was fairly successful (more so for the Germans), and the Germans got the Bolshevik revoluti… The European continent was vastly changed by the First World War. Russian Civil War was internal conflict between Russian communists and a coalition of anti-communists known as the White Movementball. However, weaponry and equipment were still imported to the Whites. By late 1918, World War I had come to an end and nobody wanted to commit large troop numbers to another major conflict. They had little in common other than their opposition to their Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks, White forces, and Polish people published a great deal … Casualties and consequences of the war As many as 10 million lives were lost as a result of the Russian Civil War, and the overwhelming majority of these were civilian casualties. Not true. The situation soon broke down into rebel forces dominating some regions and the Reds, under a puppet Ukrainian leader, holding others. Wilde, Robert. The Russian Civil War began with growing resistance to the Bolshevik regime that seized control of Russia in October 1917. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Russian Civil War: Red Terror, White Terror, 1917–1922 (History of Terror). Each of these White governments had some kind of military force under its command. Posters of the Russian Civil War; From the New York Public Library (1918-1922) History of the Russian Revolution to Brest-Litovsk; Written in 1918 at Brest-Litvosk during the negotiations between the new Soviet government lead by Lenin and Trotsky and the Kaiser’s army. Kolchek then created a military dictatorship. Just when the Americans and the White Russian bandits seemed on the verge of open warfare, the Bolsheviks began to win the Russian Civil War. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. The catalyst for the outbreak of civil war was an uprising by Czech Legion. The Western powers in World War 1 were still fighting the conflict and hoped to restart the eastern front in order to draw German forces away from the west or even just stop the weak Soviet government allowing Germans free reign in the newly conquered Russian land. The Czechs decided to ally with anti-Bolshevik forces in the hope of fighting against Germany again. As is known, in 1918 the Civil War began in Russia, which lasted for almost four years. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices. By 1921, cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of … However, a coup led by Admiral Kolchak took it over, and he was proclaimed Supreme Ruler of Russia. The failure of the Whites in the civil war was caused in large part by their failure to unite, although because of Russia’s vast geography it’s hard to see how they ever could have provided a united front. There had been opposition to the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution but this intensified after the closure of the Constituent Assembly (January 1918) and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918). The White Army opposed the communists. It examines the appearance of competing centres of power, the attempt of those centres to mobilize support, and the ultimate victory of the Communists. As a result, by the end of the civil war, the Reds were almost entirely Bolshevik. The Whites also lost important generals at critical times, such as Kornilov (killed in battle in March 1918) and Kolchak (executed in January 1920). There were also the ‘Blacks’, the Anarchists. A loose confederation of a… Soon after buying peace with Germany, the Soviet state found itself under attack from other quarters. There were other groups not aligned with the Bolsheviks or Whites who fought for their own objections, such as regional interests, political autonomy or independence. However, there was still stiff opposition to the Bolsheviks, not least of which from the right-wing faction in the army; this began to form a unit of volunteers from hardcore anti-Bolsheviks in the Kuban Steppes. With sixty million people, the Reds could muster greater numbers than their rivals. The Civil War was effectively over by November 1920, although pockets of resistance struggled on for a few more years. The Russian Civil War (1918-21) was a long struggle for the control of Russia. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. Date accessed: March 21, 2021 To tsarists, liberals, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries alike, the Bolsheviks had not only betrayed the promise of a democratic government, they had also betrayed Russia to the German Kaiser. The Red Army was an army of communists. White disorganisation and disunity was another factor. It’s also believed that the failure of the Whites to adopt a program of policies that would have appealed to the peasants or the nationalists stopped them from gaining any mass support. The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. The possible consequence of any serious military mission from the allies is still debated, and Allied supplies took a while to arrive, usually only playing a role later in the war. For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. The Provisional Government’sineffectual policies and weak authority in the face of the Petrograd Soviet hadleft the capital paralyzed with incessant street fighting and politicaltur… At the start of 1919, the Reds attacked Ukraine, where rebel socialists and Ukrainian nationalists who wanted the region to be independent fought back. While most of the background information focuses on the achievements and final victory of the Red Army, other sectio… Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. 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