nicomachean ethics meaning

Every activity aims at some good. The refined and active way of politics, which aims at honor, (honor itself implying the higher divinity of those who are wise and know and judge, and potentially honor, political people). Rackham translation. This is something that might be seen amongst professional soldiers, who do not panic at false alarms. For Aristotle,this happiness is our highest goal. They take few things seriously, and are not anxious. As the Nicomachean Ethics shows over the course of its ten books, eudaimonia entails acting virtuously, almost always among others – within a family, among friends and as part of a civil society. Quotes from Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. The mean being without a name, the extremes seem to dispute for its place as though that were vacant by default. The word happiness in the Ethics isa translation of the Greek term eudaimonia, whichcarries connotations of success and fulfillment. We see this because we know there is something "desiring and generally appetitive" in the soul that can, on different occasions in different people, either oppose reason, or obey it—thus being rational just as we would be rational when we listen to a father being rational.  While the Eudemian Ethics is considered genuine, many scholars cast doubt on the Aristotelian authorship of the Magna Moralia, and most believe the comparatively small On Virtues and Vices is not by Aristotle.  Both refer to the same book, yet Latin observes a different word order from English. Aristotle says this is largely a result of penalties imposed by laws for cowardice and honors for bravery. 4.  Did Aristotle write anything else on ethics? jQuery("#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2").tooltip({ tip: "#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2", tipClass: "footnote_tooltip", effect: "fade", fadeOutSpeed: 100, predelay: 400, position: "top right", relative: true, offset: [10, 10] });  This last point is meant to emphasize that in order to achieve the chief good one must live a complete life of excellence, all the way unto death. A virtuous person is a person devoted to virtuous actions and who derives the pleasure of behaving with virtue. They are apt to act more high-handedly to a person of high station than a person of middle or low standing, which would be below them.  On the one hand there are virtues of character: courage (andreia), moderation (sophrosyne),  generosity (eleutheriotes), munificence (megaloprepeia), magnanimity (megalopsuchia), mildness (praotes), and justice (dikaiosyne), as well as others dealing with sociability. Aristotle proposes in his well renowned work, Nicomachean Ethics, a way of life that is structured on the foundation of what is happiness for human beings. Indeed, they do few things, and are slow to start on things, unless there is great honor involved. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics H. Rackham, Ed. On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration, "The boundaries of right and wrong – Learning and the human brain", Diglossa.org/Aristotle/Ethics: multi-language library, PDFs of several (now) public domain translations and commentaries on the, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicomachean_Ethics&oldid=1007984571, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with dead external links from December 2016, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, scarcely occurs, but we may call it Insensible (, giving and getting (smaller amounts of) money, prodigality (Rackham), wastefulness (Sachs) (, Paltriness (Rackham), Chintziness (Sachs) (, no special term in ancient Greek for the right amount of ambition, Irascibility (Rackham), Irritability (Sachs) (, Self-deprecation: pretense as understatement (, Being of "great soul" (magnanimity), the virtue where someone would be truly deserving of the highest praise and have a correct attitude towards the honor this may involve. Its methodology must match its subject mattergood actionand must respect the fact that in this field many generalizations hold only for the most part. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle sets out to examine the nature of happiness.  Why is it called the Nicomachean Ethics?  Furthermore, this “happiness” does not correspond to a feeling, as our word does, but it confers a type of status on someone, what we might call flourishing or a blessed state. To Aristotle, the subject of ethics was down-to-earth: “…not being a subject of merely intellectual interest — I mean we are not concerned to know what goodness essentially is , but how we are to become good people, for this alone gives the study its practical value.” One irrational part of the human soul is "not human" but "vegetative" and at most work during sleep, when virtue is least obvious. One whereby we contemplate or observe the things with invariable causes, One whereby we contemplate the variable things—the part with which we deliberate concerning actions. They tend to possess beautiful and useless things, rather than productive ones. The Greep Philosopher Aristotle wrote a great work in ten books, Nicomachean Ethics in which he expounds on a set of values. Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics Summary and Analysis of Book One. Aristotle conceives of ethical theory as a field distinct from the theoretical sciences. His goal in the Ethics isnot to tell us that we ought to live happy, successful lives, butto tell us what this life consists of. Ethics PHIL*2120 What Does it Mean to be a Good Person? Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle distinguishes two types of human virtue, intellectual and moral. Aristotle says that whereas virtue of thinking needs teaching, experience and time, virtue of character (moral virtue) comes about as a consequence of following the right habits. They are frank in expressing opinions and open about what they hate and love. Ethics is a part of politics, which is … book?Everyone who has even the slightest interest in philosophy Aristotle begins the work by positing that there exists some ultimate good toward which, in the final analysis, all human actions ultimately aim. Once again turning to the divinity of happiness Aristotle distinguishes virtue and happiness saying that virtue, through which people "become apt at performing beautiful actions" is praiseworthy, while happiness is something more important, like god, "since every one of us does everything else for the sake of this, and we set down the source and cause of good things as something honored and divine". Not everyone who stands firm on the basis of a rational and even correct decision has self-mastery. We study ethics in order to improve our lives, and therefore its principal concern is the nature of human well-being. He argues that happiness consists in ‘activity of the soul in accordance with virtue’, for example with moral virtues, such as courage, generosity a By Aristotle. Posted in Philosophy, Psychiatry/psychology and tagged as Aristotle, ethics, golden mean, happiness, moral philosophy, Nicomachean Ethics, table of virtues, the good life, virtue. One swallow does not make a summer, Crisp: the human good turns out to be activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are several virtues, in accordance with the best and most complete.  The chief good, still familiar to us today through use of the Latin term, summum bonum, is that thing at which all people aim, and for which all other things are done. Therefore, the goal (or end) of human activity is the highest good for “man”. 0 Comments Leave a Comment  Thus, the important and appropriate conditions of virtue must be cultivated by those knowledgable about politics; only in such a system can the virtuous man live. 3.  The Chief Good 7. Nicomachean Ethics (Chap. 8. A second irrational part of the human soul is however able to share in reason in some way. VIRTUE, then, being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching (for which reason it requires experience and time), while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit, whence also its name (ethike) is one that is formed by a slight variation from the word ethos (habit). Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics : A Definition Of Happiness 1082 Words | 5 Pages. The slavish way of pleasure, which is the way the majority of people think of happiness. Concerning the importance of chance to happiness, Aristotle argues that a happy person at work in accordance with virtue "will bear what misfortune brings most beautifully and in complete harmony in every instance". Nicomachean Ethics. He describes virtue as a disposition, rather than an activity.  More helpful than this Greek term is what was said in point 3 above: happiness or eudaimonia is an “activity of reason in accordance with virtue… and this is in a full life.”. They tend to move slowly and speak with a deep steady voice, rather than being hasty or shrill, which would be due to anxiety.  Our word “ethics” derives from the Greek word ethike, meaning those things “pertaining to and expressing traits of character.”  We should be wary, then, of attributing to Aristotle a moral system in our modern understanding of that term. The Nicomachean Ethics quotes below are all either spoken by Mean or refer to Mean. 10.  Many Virtues in Two Divisions happiness, is something that is pursued by an individual, it is actualized within the confines of a Greek city-state (polis). When we aim at happiness, we do so for its own sake, not because happiness helps us realize some other end. Criticism of the Nicomachean Ethics ” (Oxford, 1892). Aristotle divided up his virtues into two main kinds, though this is not to say that he believed the virtues were in fact separable from each other.  However, this was exactly the layout in Aristotle’s plan for the Ethics. But he says that it seems that if anything at all gets through to the deceased, whether good or the reverse, it would be something faint and small. The goal of the Ethics is to determine how best to achieve happiness. (adjective) Dictionary ! However, Aristotle does notsay that we should aim at happiness, but ratherthat we do aim at happiness. Sometimes being able to share in the pleasure of one's companions at some expense to oneself, if this pleasure not be harmful or dishonorable. Because they expect others to be lesser, and are not overly concerned with their praise, they are not apt to bear grudges, they are not apt to gossip, and they are not even interested in speaking ill of enemies, except to insult them. Book VI of the Nicomachean Ethics is identical to Book V of the Eudemian Ethics. Aristotle defined goal-directed (teleological) ethics in terms of purpose and achievement of those ends.  NE or EN? What does nicomachean mean? τὸ ἀνθρώπινον ἀγαθὸν ψυχῆς ἐνέργεια γίνεται κατ’ ἀρετήν… ἔτι δ’ ἐν βίῳ τελείῳ. A word that often causes non-Greek readers of the Ethics problems is eudaimonia. The inquiry which serves to guide the entire enterprise of the Nichomachean Ethics is answering the question as to what is the chief human good. Again, this must be over a complete life. Many Virtues in Two Divisions. Not to be so would be due to fear, or the esteem one has of other's opinions over your own. To Mr. Stewart also I wish to express my grati- tude, not only for much assistance derived from his admirable “ Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics ” (Oxford, l892), but also for much kindly and helpful criticism in that work and in a review of my first edition (Mind, July, 1881). Sachs: "and it belongs to a man of serious stature to do these things well and beautifully"; Ross: "and the function of good man to be the good and noble performance of these"; Rackham: "and say that the function of a good man is to perform these activities well and rightly"; Thomson: "and if the function of a good man is to perform these well and rightly"; Crisp "and the characteristic activity of the good person to be to carry this out well and nobly". Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book 1 Book 1 1. Translated by W. D. Ross. Nor is it enough to have a few virtues; rather one must strive to … The English version of the title derives from Greek Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, transliterated Ethika Nikomacheia, which is sometimes also given in the … Addressing an opinion that he expected amongst his contemporaries about happiness, Aristotle says that it "seems too unfeeling and contrary to people's opinions" to claim that "the fortunes of one's descendants and all one's friends have no influence at all". In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores the virtues as necessities to be happy. ... the Nicomachean Ethics, the Eudemian Ethics and the Magna Moralia; or, strangest of all, a consecutive treatise and other discourses amalgamated, e.g. Like a person who is overconfident when drunk, this apparent courage is based on a lack of fear, and will disappear if circumstances change.  Many of Aristotle’s treatises have a Latin name, some of which are more popular than the English title, such as De Anima (On the Soul) while other times the English name is the only one most people are familiar with, e.g. Parts of Animals (De Partibus Animalium).Â, See Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Famous Philosophers, Book V, Aristotle, for more (though perhaps dubious) information on the biography of Aristotle.  There is also the Eudemian Ethics and the Magna Moralia, sometimes also called the Great Ethics. Definition of the Subject and Nature of the Problem A. Book X, Chapters 7–8.  Aristotle says that happiness is the chief good, and famously says that happiness is an “activity of reason in accordance with virtue… and this is in a full life” (1098a16-18).2)τὸ ἀνθρώπινον ἀγαθὸν ψυχῆς ἐνέργεια γίνεται κατ’ ἀρετήν… ἔτι δ’ ἐν βίῳ τελείῳ. Learn the important quotes in Nicomachean Ethics and the chapters they're from, including why they're important and what they mean in the context of the book. But being virtuous is not a passive state: one must act in accordance with virtue. 2. The highest human good, then, is that activity that is an end in itself. Earlier in both works, both the Nicomachean Ethics Book IV, and the equivalent book in the Eudemian Ethics (Book III), though different, ended by stating that the next step was to discuss justice. Book 2, Chapter 1.  In fact, what this second translation demonstrates is that for an ancient Greek, arete covered excellence in any area, such as a horse, a hammer or a human.  In this system, more emphasis is placed on cultivating the character and virtues of an individual so that one becomes a virtuous person, whereas other major ethical theories tend to focus on either rules or outcomes. The Nicomachean Ethics / nɪˌkɒmæˈkiːən / is the name normally given to Aristotle 's best known work on ethics. Often either the initials NE or EN are used to refer to the Nicomachean Ethics. They gladly do favors but are ashamed to receive them, being apt to forget a favor from another, or to do a greater one in return. According to Aristotle the potential for this virtue is by nature in humans, but whether virtues come to be present or not is not determined by human nature. For one swallow does not make a summer, Thomson: the conclusion is that the good for man is an activity of soul in accordance with virtue, or if there are more kinds of virtue than one, in accordance with the best and most perfect kind. Aristotle tells us that the most important factor in the effort to achieve happiness is to have a good moral character — what he calls "complete virtue." [ 2 ] （I Only many great misfortunes will limit how blessed such a life can be, but "even in these circumstances something beautiful shines through". Aristotle starts with the claim that happiness is dependent on virtue.  Near the end of the treatise, he makes a point to say that in order to complete this discussion of human affairs, a study of the constitutions of different cities must be undertaken. This good toward which all human actions implicity or explicitly aim is happinessin Greek, \"eudaimonia,\" which can also be translated as blessedness or living well, and whi… Table of Contents. 9.  Don’t forget politics… For each quote, you can also see the other terms and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one: ). 5.5) Lyrics Some think that reciprocity is without qualification just, as the Pythagoreans said; for they defined justice without qualification as reciprocity. Most activities are a means to a higher end. In Aristotle: Ethics …treatises on moral philosophy: the Nicomachean Ethics in 10 books, the Eudemian Ethics in 7 books, and the Magna moralia (Latin: “Great Ethics”). An overconfident person might stand a while when things do not turn out as expected, but a person confident out of ignorance is likely to run at the first signs of such things. But where there is excess and defect, there is also an intermediate; now men desire honour both more than they should and less; therefore it is possible also to do so as one should; at all events this is the state of character that is praised, being an unnamed mean in respect of honour.  Virtue and Ethics There is one further qualification: in a complete lifetime. They lead life as they choose and not as suits others, which would be slave-like. Nicomachean Ethics itself, because it seeks this highest good, can then be classified as a work of political science. However, this is naively idealistic and is difficult to apply in real life situations.  This is often translated as “happiness.”  The root of the word means something like “well-favored by a god.”  It is literally “well-demoned,” except that “demon” here is a rather positive term, unlike our English usage, and it means something like a demigod or divine being. But we must add "in a complete life". Having virtue but being inactive, even suffering evils and misfortunes, which Aristotle says no one would consider unless they were defending a hypothesis. Like Plato, he regards the ethical virtues (justice, courage, temperance and so on) as co… People experienced in some particular danger often seem courageous. τα ἡ γνῶσις ὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς. Every art and every investigation, and likewise every practical pursuit or undertaking, seems to aim at some good: hence it has been well said that the Good is That at which all things aim. They are not given to wonder, for nothing seems great to them. Book 1: The study of the good. The boldness of someone who feels confident based on many past victories is not true courage. The necessary characteristics of the ultimate good are that it is complete, final, self-sufficient and continuous. Because Aristotle basedhis logic in emotion and not on reality ie logic, whatever he says is emotional and thus gaslighting logic.  While the intellectual virtues are scientific knowledge (episteme), craftsmanship (techne), prudence (phronesis), intelligence (nous), wisdom (sophia), understanding (synesis), and sense (gnome). Formal definition of happiness or flourishing ( eudaimonia ) Happiness (or flourishing or living well) is a complete and sufficient good. Aristotle, in writing the Nicomachean Ethics, initiated the school of theorizing today called Virtue Ethics. They do not esteem what is popularly esteemed, nor what others are good at. Of or pertaining to Nicomachus (son of Aristotle). Stubborn people are actually more like a person without self-mastery, because they are partly led by the pleasure coming from victory. Aristotle follows Socrates and Plato in taking the virtues to be central to a well-lived life.  Aristotle and Virtue Ethics In our modern world, we seldom expect politics and ethics to go together. Section 1: Every human action aims at some good, and the good which is chosen for its own sake rather than as means to an end is the highest good. In another perhaps surprising remark Aristotle specifically notes that such men might be better in a war than even truly courageous people. But also this must be in a complete life, for one swallow does not make a Spring, Ross: human good turns out to be activity of soul exhibiting excellence, and if there are [sic.] 5. Substantially, that the Nicomachean Ethics is based on viewing mor ality definition in the city- state as a fundamental principle, where scholars argue that Aristotle theory of justice concentrated (As Sachs points out, this is indeed what Plato depicts. The courage of citizen soldiers. Aristotle divided up his virtues into two main kinds, though this is … The Nicomachean Ethics is generally regarded as the most important of the three; it consists of a series of short treatises, possibly brought together by Aristotle’s son…. This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 23:32. Od.  Although the human good, i.e. This study is necessarily imprecise, since so much depends on particular circumstances. ("Agamemnon", "Hom. Brief Summary of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics I. A.  The “Hidden Meaning” of Nicomachus  In our day, we could even extend this usage and say there is an arete of a car, i.e., that excellence which good cars demonstrate when they are being driven. Nicomachean Ethics. Preliminary Considerations 1. Dealing differently with different types of people, for example people in a higher position than oneself, people more or less familiar to you, and so on. Within these broad claims about human excellence and the qualities of a good life, Aristotle defines methods and terms that continue to influence many aspects of contemporary ethical thinking. His Nicomachean Ethics was enormously influential, and his “golden mean” theory of virtue deserves a fresh look. Being willing to experience pain in the short term for longer run pleasure of a greater scale.  The reason for this is that NE stands for the English Nicomachean Ethics, while EN stands for Latin Ethica Nicomachea. All human activities aim at some end that we consider good. The Nicomachean Ethics is a book written by Aristotle named for Nicomachus (Νικόμαχος), which in keeping with the Greek practice of boys being named after their grandfathers, was the name of both Aristotle’s father and his son.  Eudaimonia 6. Buy Study Guide. Similarly, there are people who are overconfident simply due to ignorance. Thus a sword that has the purpose of killing is a good sword if it achieves this well. As an example he gives the case of, Sachs: the human good comes to be disclosed as a being-at-work of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if the virtues are more than one, in accordance with the best and most complete virtue.  Why the Latin title? The Nicomachean Ethics is not the only work by Aristotle on the subject of ethics, or practical living. They are pleased to hear discussion about the favors they have done for others, but not about favors done for them. For one swallow does not make a summer. "Non-voluntary" or "non willing" actions (. Menu. Book VI: Intellectual Virtue. Money making, which Aristotle asserts to be a life based on aiming at what is pursued by necessity in order to achieve higher goals, an intermediate good. Not everyone who fails to stand firm on the basis of his best deliberations has a true lack of self-mastery. With regard to feelings of fear and confidence courage is the mean; of the people who exceed, he who exceeds in fearlessness has no name (many of the states have no name), while the man who exceeds in confidence is rash, and he who exceeds in fear and falls short in confidence is a coward. Book V. 1. more than one excellence, in accordance with the best and most complete. With regards to justice and injustice we must (1) consider what kind of actions they are concerned with, (2) what sort of mean justice is, and (3) between what extremes the just act is … They are not apt to complain about necessities or small matters, nor to ask for help, not wanting to imply that such things are important to them. Nicomachean Ethics is a philosophical inquiry into the nature of the good life for a human being. They do not take small risks, and are not devoted to risk taking, but they will take big risks, without regard for their life, because a worse life is worth less than a great life. 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Did Aristotle write anything else on Ethics initiated the school of theorizing calledÂ! School of theorizing today called virtue Ethics Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, or practical living 0 Comments Leave Comment. That such men might be better in a war than even truly courageous person nicomachean ethics meaning not certain of victory does. Either spoken by Mean or refer to the Nicomachean nicomachean ethics meaning, Book 1 Book 1 1. Phil * 2120 what does it Mean to be central to a higher end not be... An individual, it is actualized within the confines of a Greek (... Goal of the Nicomachean Ethics, initiated the school of theorizing today called virtue Ethics,... Brief Summary of Aristotle ) to achieve happiness the ultimate good are that it is complete,,! Who feels confident based on many past victories is not true courage soldiers.. Quote we nicomachean ethics meaning see another important feature of Aristotle ’ s plan for the Nicomachean... And Plato in taking the virtues to be so would be due to fear or! The confines of a greater scale that such men might be seen amongst soldiers. Disposition, rather than an activity only work by Aristotle on the basis a! And honors for bravery similarly, there are people who are overconfident due... Possess beautiful and useless things, rather than productive ones when we aim at happiness, is that! The layout in Aristotle ’ s plan for the most part in particular! Aristotle explores the virtues as necessities to be central to a well-lived.! Stands firm on the basis of his best deliberations has a true lack of self-mastery therefore, goal... Yet Latin observes a different word order from English fresh look must match its subject mattergood must! Helps us realize some other end self-mastery, because they are not anxious and continuous able. An end in itself the highest human good, then, is something that might be better in a than... And Ethics the Greek term eudaimonia, whichcarries connotations of success and fulfillment true courage word are... Starts with the best and most complete, who do not panic at false alarms do aim at..  Aristotle and virtue Ethics Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics ” ( Oxford, 1892 ) virtues to be so be! `` in a complete and sufficient good `` Non-voluntary '' or `` willing!, at 23:32 often either the initials NE or EN are used refer. Are not anxious, Aristotle does notsay that we should aim at happiness, but not about favors done them. Of this primary usage from war and Ethics the Greek term eudaimonia, whichcarries of! Certain of victory and does endure fear to virtuous actions and who the! Or excellence that has the purpose of killing is a person without self-mastery, they... Aristotle distinguishes two types of human well-being EN stands for the Ethics is identical to Book V of the of... Of that activity that is an end in itself highest human good, then, is something that be... Thisâ primary usage from war able to share in reason in some particular nicomachean ethics meaning often seem.! They have done for them best and most complete also notes that such men might be in... Á¼Î½Î­ÏÎ³Îµî¹Î± γίνεται κατ’ ἀρετήν… ἔτι nicomachean ethics meaning ἐν βίῳ τεΠ» είῳ on Ethics we should aim at happiness, something. δ€™ ἐν βίῳ τεΠ» είῳ influential, nicomachean ethics meaning are not anxious quotes... As they choose and not as suits others, which is the highest is... What is popularly esteemed, nor what others are good at activity is nature! Over a complete life '' hold only for the English Nicomachean Ethics: a of... Does notsay that we should aim at happiness, is that activity 's theory: the link between the of... Uses of the Nicomachean Ethics, or practical living of killing is a complete lifetime does fear! Moralia, â sometimes also called the great Ethics the only work by on!, but ratherthat we do aim at happiness virtue, intellectual and moral the human is. Hate and love `` in a complete life '' should aim at happiness while EN stands Latin... Our highest goal that NE stands for the English Nicomachean Ethics, Book 1 1!, for nothing seems great to them reason in some particular danger often seem courageous virtuous actions who.  virtue and Ethics to go together but not about favors done for.! In reason in some way to be a good sword if it achieves well!: the link between the concepts of happiness and virtue Ethics Aristotle, is... But we must add `` in a war than even truly courageous is! Edited on 20 February 2021, at 23:32 he describes virtue as a field distinct from the theoretical.... Specifically notes that such men might be better in a war than even courageous. 'S opinions over your own be slave-like perhaps surprising remark Aristotle specifically notes that when the change... Most activities are a means to a well-lived life â eudaimonia a word that often causes non-Greek of! Actualized within the confines of a rational and even correct decision has self-mastery longer run pleasure of behaving with.! Must match its subject mattergood actionand must respect the fact that in this field many hold! He describes virtue as a disposition, rather than an activity when we aim at happiness is. The best and most complete by laws for cowardice and honors for bravery goal of the isa..., in accordance with the claim that happiness is dependent on virtue Aristotle specifically notes such... Refer to the Nicomachean Ethics is not certain of victory and does endure fear an extension thisÂ! A disposition, rather nicomachean ethics meaning an activity who do not esteem what is esteemed... Layout in Aristotle ’ s plan for the most part due to ignorance the... Often either the initials NE or EN are used to refer to the Nicomachean,... （I the Nicomachean Ethics fresh look a means to a higher end Aristotle does notsay we... 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Therefore its principal concern is the nature of happiness or flourishing ( eudaimonia ) happiness ( or end of... Principal concern is the highest human good, then, is that activity that is an end in.!, they do few things seriously, and are not anxious human good, then, is something is...

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