Both subgingival and supragingival calculus had a heterogenous core covered by a soft, loose layer of microorganisms. Friskopp J, Hammarström L. The morphology of supragingival and subgingival calculus on extracted teeth was studied with the scanning electron microscope. A comparative, scanning electron microscopic study of supragingival and subgingival calculus. Definition. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of direct application of chlorhexidine to periodontal pockets and the practicability of patient self-therapy using a technique of subgingival irrigation. Hence, the 655 nm diode laser may be used as an additional tool for calculus detection in non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Bacteria deposited in subgingival calculus or plaque cause gingival inflammation, function deterioration, and … Patients received no other oral hygiene instruction. It has been reported that the levels of subgingival calculus are significantly higher on the lingual than on the buccal surfaces. Calculus is defined by its location relative to the gingival margin. The processes of calculus formation from dental plaque are not well understood. The overall probability to correctly detect subgingival calculus with the laser (accuracy) was 0.82 (CI 0.025 0.74 to CI 0.975 0.88). Methods: The study sample consisted of 30 extracted molars, premolars, canines, and incisors. It is either supragingival or subgingival. The effectiveness of InGaAsP diode laser radiation to detect subgingival calculus as compared to an explorer. 1–3 This powder can also be used to remove biofilm from other soft tissue niches in the oral cavity. The overall probability to correctly detect subgingival calculus with the laser (accuracy) was 0.82 (CI 0.025 0.74 to CI 0.975 0.88). The root surface of each sample was partially covered with subgingival calculus. The formation of calculus is influenced by the concentration of calcium and phosphorus ions in saliva and the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands, hence it is most often formed at their outlet [7,8,9,10,11]. Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly differentiate effects of calculus versus “plaque on calculus”. Subgingival calculus also exhibits site-specificity, although it is much less apparent than that of its supragingival counterpart (Corbett and Dawes, 1998). Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival ("above the gum"), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival ("below the gum"). This study aimed to investigate the effect of subgingival GPAP as an additional approach to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in subjects with chronic periodontitis. In addition to their unfavorable effect on esthetics and self-esteem, these conditions also are associated with destructive periodontal diseases and root caries. Subgingival calculus, in “low hygiene” populations, is extensive and is directly correlated with enhanced periodontal attachment loss. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 13. 9 Although autofluorescence detection has recently become an alternative method to detect subgingival calculus, the precision and accuracy are still questionable. Hence, the 655 nm diode laser may be used as an additional tool for calculus detection in non-surgical periodontal therapy. This led to the theory that subgingival calculus was relatively innocuous and not directly involved in the inflammatory process of periodontal breakdown. (Ramfjord). Calculus formation. A significant base of evidence, however, has demonstrated a direct connection between these hardened subgingival deposits and inflammation seen in the pocket wall. A comparison of the site-specificity of supragingival and subgingival calculus deposition. Citing Literature. The 655‐nm diode laser was able to detect subgingival calculus. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal from periodontally involved root surfaces with an Er:YAG laser compared to hand instrumentation in situ. Background and objective: Glycine powder air-polishing (GPAP) is an alternative approach to removing subgingival plaque biofilms for effective periodontal therapy. 5–12 This connection was made possible with the advent of new technology. Supragingival and Subgingival Plaque and Calculus Formation in Humans † William J. Mislowsky Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, University of … The dental hygiene refers to brushing the teeth to remove the plaque before it becomes calculus, and it refers to feed food that have aggressive action to help grind off the plaque when the animal is eating. Gingival tissue colour change – dark calculus may reflect through a thin margin and suggest its presence. In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. In vivo studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of this procedure. Subgingival calculus has been recognized as a major cause of periodontitis, which is one of the main chronic infectious diseases of oral cavities and a principal cause of tooth loss in humans. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi. By contrast subgingival calculus appeared homogeneously calcified, with an average mineral content of 58%. Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly differentiate effects of calculus versus “plaque on calculus”. 1983 Mar;25(1):1-8. Supragingival calculus formation is most abundant on the buccal (cheek) surfaces of the maxillary (upper jaw) molars and on the lingual (tongue) surfaces of the mandibular (lower jaw) incisors. Oral, crevicular, and fracture surfaces were examined. 1. This in vitro study evaluated the use of fluorescence induced by the diode laser radiation for the detection of subgingival calculus. SUBGINGIVAL EXAMINATION: Visual Examination – dark edge of calculus may be seen at or just beneath the gingival margin.gentle air blast can deflect the margin from the tooth for observation into the pocket. The possibility of detecting subgingival calculus by laser-fluorescence in vitro. Most often it is dark because it becomes stained with erythrocytes. Objective: The recently introduced Vector-system (Duerr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany) is recommended to be used in conjunction with different insert tips and irrigation fluids. Conclusion: The present study indicates that subgingival calculus can be reliably detected on extracted teeth using laser fluorescence induced by the 655 nm diode‐laser radiation. Results: Subgingival calculus and dentine caries showed a characteristic 700 nm emission when excited at 635 nm or a 720 nm emission when excited at 655 nm; sound dentine or enamel, however, did not. Objective: To critically analyse the formation, composition, ethnic variations and pathogenic potential of subgingival calculus in comparison with supragingival calculus. Corbett TL(1), Dawes C. Author information: (1)Department of Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB. Objective: To critically analyse the formation, composition, ethnic variations and pathogenic potential of subgingival calculus in comparison with supragingival calculus. Detection of dental calculus by ultraviolet excitation has the reliability of distinguishing calculus from a healthy and unaffected tooth surface. Although all the elements analyzed, except manganese, showed higher concentration levels in the subgingival than in the subgingival calculus, the difference was statistically significant only for sodium and strontium. Conclusions: The 655-nm diode laser was able to detect subgingival calculus. Subgingival calculus, in “low hygiene” populations, is extensive and is directly correlated with enhanced periodontal attachment loss. J Periodontol … No differences in mineral content between surface areas and portions close to the tooth were seen. Medical definition of subgingival: situated, performed, or occurring beneath the gums and especially between the gums and the basal part of the crowns of the teeth. T he morphology of supragingival and subgingival calculus on extracted teeth was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Simply so, what is subgingival calculus? [Article in Japanese] Subgingival air polishing is a relatively new procedure that uses a specially designed powder, which is safe to utilize on root surfaces and soft tissue, to remove biofilm from periodontal pockets. In this case, out of sight doesn't mean out of mind as it is our responsibility to locate these deposits and clean the tooth surface during the patient's regular periodontal maintenance visit. This distinction is useful in terms of estimating treatment time, but not much else. Folwaczny M(1), Heym R, Mehl A, Hickel R. Author information: (1)Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, … [Lipids in the supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus]. The subgingival calculus is formed apex to the gingival margin. The aim of the study was to assess subgingival calculus removal depending on the mode of operation and to compare the results to conventional methods for root debridement. Subgingival calculus as the name implies is out of sight and therefore can be difficult to locate and clean. Conclusions. The calculus differentiation power, however, was higher with excitation at 635 nm than at 655 nm. After initial assessment of paramet … A total of 119 teeth in 25 patients were selected; 62 were scaled and 57 were used as controls. Krause F(1), Braun A, Frentzen M. Author information: (1)Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. fkrause@uni-bonn.de Dental calculus, gingival bleeding, and gingival recession are common in the U.S. adult population. All teeth were initially scored using the calculus index of the P.D.I. T his study presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing related to depth of pocket and type of teeth. Dental hygienists commonly describe patients as light, moderate, or heavy calculus formers, depending on the amount of supragingival calculus that forms between recall visits. Appropriate measures to prevent or con … o The antidote to this disease is going to be good dental hygiene combined with periodic with dental prophylaxis. 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany. Gingivitis and subgingival calculus when present at both examinations resulted in a stronger association with the development of new lesions than presence of these variables at baseline. 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