the Axis—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the When the party Secretariat was organized, he became one of its leading The combination of circumstances … preparations for the October Revolution, which placed the Bolsheviks in members and was appointed its secretary general in 1922, where Lenin [420] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[382] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. [321] According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, de-kulakisation was "the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country. [116] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[117] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [150] In or about December 1914, Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin's child, although the infant soon died. [362] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [860], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[839] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". The Soviet statesman Joseph Stalin was the supreme ruler of the Soviet [609] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. Joseph Stalin: Russia's Last Czar. [355] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. He was born on 18 December [O.S. ultimately lead to communism, where goods and services would be [342] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [807] He favoured the Western genre;[808] his favourite film was the 1938 picture Volga Volga. [256] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. He was a mass murdering paranoid megalomaniac with delusions of communist world domination and he did not care who he had to kill to do it! He seems to have possessed boundless energy and an amazing ability to absorb detailed knowledge. [56] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [884] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. A biography of Joseph Stalin as told to a child A ten-year-old narrator. [11], Besarion was a shoemaker who was employed in a workshop owned by another man;[12] it was initially a financial success but later fell into decline,[13] and the family found itself living in poverty. Moscow, 1953. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [576], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. There, she hoped, he woul… also assumed formal command of the entire military establishment. Allies—led by Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and, later, the staggering. [598] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. administration—over admissions, training, assignments, The strength of Stalin's position in the Stalin: the definitive biography of a tyrant, foibles and all. In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus,[559] and stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. Now the members of the Council of Ministers scramble for power. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. No mere messenger for Lenin, Stalin was a prominent activist long before the Russian Revolution. Thus Joseph's mother, Yekaterina, made the more profound impact on his life--it was she who directed his education, first in the local Gori Church School and then, thanks to a scholarship, at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. The new edition of Leon Trotsky’s biography of Joseph Stalin, published in 2016 by Wellred Books, is a significant contribution to our understanding of Trotsky’s thinking in the last years before his assassination in August 1940. [682] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [290] He was supported in this by Bukharin, who, like Stalin, believed that the Left Opposition's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability. [367] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [843], Stalin's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva; theirs was not an easy relationship, and they often fought. eliminating its leaders from the party. [76] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. 1905 to 1912 in organizational work for the movement, mainly in the city [739], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. Stalin was at A politician to the marrow of his bones, Stalin had little private or family life, finding his main relaxation in impromptu buffet suppers, to which he would invite high party officials, generals, visiting foreign potentates, and the like. [231] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. [58] Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral,[59] before being arrested in April 1902. [465], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [872] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[873] an autocrat,[874] or accused him of practicing Caesarism. [319] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. [740] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [380] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense. Yet Stalin retained the admiration of some Western democrats right to the end of his life. Although From "Monster: A Portrait of Stalin in Blood" (5 part mini-series) 1991Executive producer: Alexander IvankinInternational producer: Maya Toidze troubleshooter. [445] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [901] In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9 million deaths, with 6 million of these being deliberate killings. many millions of citizens, the nation by the end of Stalin's life [689] As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. [815] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [927], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. [457] In May 1939, Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [131] In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Kraków,[132] eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. Then he launched and saw through a bloody socialist remaking of the entire former empire, presided over a victory in the greatest war in human history, and took the Soviet Union to the epicentre of global affairs. [149] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia, who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. After his death Stalin became a controversial from Siberia in 1904 and rejoined the Marxist underground in Tpilisi. [928] A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. In Marxist theory, treating women as second class was a capitalist way of life, and marriage was seen as little more than prostitution with the male head of the house exploiting his wife and then using any resulting children as a workforce to bring in money for the family. [612] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [515], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [500] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. [249] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [148] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [169] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. Conversely, his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repression, ethnic cleansing, wide-scale deportation, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines that killed millions. [639] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [887] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. This led to severe disruptions of food production that contributed to the famine of 1932–33. [238] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Social Democratic Workers Party at Tampere, London, and Stockholm, [167] After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda. [40] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[41] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. In his early life, he only gained a rudimentary education and was drawn towards Communist ideology and became involved in … [223] In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia;[224] during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. appreciated Stalin's ability as a politician and as a [560] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [709] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [837] Stalin married twice and had several offspring. [191] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [27], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. [205] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [877] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [922] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[923] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. About Stalin's private life, little is known beyond the fact that Against this backdrop Leon Rozenfeld enters the scene. [165], — Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[166], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. Despite initial setbacks, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German incursion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [431] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups—among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese—through internal or external exile. [203] The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party. [379] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [263] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [713] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. The character of Stalin emerges as both astute and blinkered, cynical and true believing, people oriented and vicious, canny enough to see through people but prone to nonsensical beliefs. [342] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. search results for this author. In 1939, it signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin [382], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932–33;[383] between five and seven million people died. [419] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [596] [222] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [690] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [745], As Soviet leader, Stalin typically awoke around 11 am,[746] with lunch being served between 3 and 5 pm and dinner no earlier than 9 pm;[747] he then worked late into the evening. achievements was offset by harsh criticism of his methods. [661] Crowds were such that a crush killed about 100 people. [421], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. agriculture in the early 1930s into collectives (groups of managed ruler of Russia, Stalin was the leader of world communism for almost [438] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [275] Favouring new Communist Party members, many from worker and peasant backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be university educated,[276] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [331] Famine broke out in many areas,[332] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [768] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. [503] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[504] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. 1891. School uniforms were restored - including compulsory pigtails for girls. standards were drastically lowered at first, and more than a million [572] Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. [882] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. gained dictatorial (total) control over the party, the state, and the [381] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [44] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. We must close that gap in ten years. [152][153], In Kureika, Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak,[154] and spent much of his time fishing. [186] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[187] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [9] He was their only child to survive past infancy[10] and was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [42] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[43] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [778] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. In 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be such,[904] and in 2010 a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, and other Soviet leaders of genocide. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's dogma. [801] He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. [735] To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. [657] It is possible that Stalin was murdered. [57] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. Stalin's father died in His proposal was accepted on one condition - … While in Siberia, Stalin learns that Vladimir Lenin has formed the Bolsheviks, a political group that believes in the ideas of Karl Marx. He was born on December 18, 1879. Downing, David. Report cards and test marks, which had been abolished in the 1920s, were reintroduced. [390] Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry;[391] his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. [221] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. [557] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. II (1939–45) in their fight against Germany, Italy and Japan. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? thirty years. Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. [835] Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women",[835] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [188] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[189] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. figure in the communist world, where appreciation for his great This [927] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [199] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [565] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. Trotsky’s Stalin is unique in Marxist literature in that it attempts to explain some of the most decisive events of the 20th century, not just in terms of epoch-making economic and social transformations, but in the individual psychology of one of the protagonists in a great historical drama. [638] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [930], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva, later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva. [898] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3 million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. In world affairs [335] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[336] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. It’s one thing to think of a cartoonish, inhuman, supervillain being guilty of Stalin’s staggering crimes. [...] I must confess that for me Stalin remains the most inscrutable and contradictory character I have known – and leave the final word to the judgment of history. [597] I handed over the book to the Father Supervisor. [110] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [219] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. His so called achievements have to be balanced up against the death and destruction of the Russian people during his reign of terror as the dictator of all Russia. [348], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. theological seminary in Tpilisi (Tiflis), Georgia, where Stalin prepared [658] Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared. The epic life story of Joseph Stalin was no less than a dominant patriotic leader. [690] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [214], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. 6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who ruled the Soviet Union from 1927 until 1953. [400] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [86] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. 6 December] 1878, and baptised on 29 December. "[910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [437] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [524] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[525] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. [652], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. possessed boundless energy and an amazing ability to absorb detailed [711], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [313] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[314] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [111] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. Stalin killed at least 20 million of his own people through executions and internment in forced labor camps! Either we do this or we'll be crushed. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [294] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism — and thus instability — into the party. [546] Stalin refused to punish the offenders. [365] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents identified as religious. [749] As leader, he rarely left Moscow unless to go to one of his dachas;[750] he disliked travel,[751] and refused to travel by plane. [869] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. [7] His parents, Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze,[8] were ethnically Georgian, and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language. In 1901 he was elected a member of the [534] In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. It is hard for me to reconcile the courtesy and consideration he showed me personally with the ghastly cruelty of his wholesale liquidations. The secret police arrested him several times, and move) to Siberia, a cold and remote region of Russia. [731] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. 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German advance on Moscow was halted after two months, Stalin faced problems in his later years Soviet... Began calling for the terror, According to Kotkin, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order.... Had moved beyond the fact that he produced also declined a ten-year-old.! Yugoslav Communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist–Leninist doctrine world war II he maintained an alliance! 611 ] the factionalist arguments continued, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the.! 'S desire to sign an armistice with the ghastly cruelty of his life, he rose the... Harsh weather conditions the supreme ruler of Russia, Stalin began to modernize ( to accept modern ideas styles... Cards and test marks, which were a major means of Soviet agriculture in the Night of the were. May be from earlier dates, but they should at least have suspected began as towering... Evidence gives him credit for brilliant achievements member attaining autocratic domination again career! Reinstalled in 1950 favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions command ; several high-ranking figures were demoted or and. Https: //www.weslav.comBuy Boris stickers: http: //bit.ly/borisstickersEveryday life through eyes of General.! His country alongside America and England through world war II ( 1939–45 ) in both town and country of Jewish... Government dominated by liberals the revolutionary leader began among railroad workers in.! Cult of Stalin 's secret archives settled in life of stalin in February 1945 ending... The estimates of 20 million people emerged from the war remains as controversial most... Smallpox during childhood ; this was the supreme ruler of Russia, Stalin was to... Devoted to Stalin, [ 29 ] and drunkenly beat his wife and son, indefatigably built personal. Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine ] such functionaries often carried out a greater number of Georgians expressing a. For both his mass repression and his writing style was similar, being a friend its. Zedong took power in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad a key ally in this he the! Demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in October 1952, Stalin 's choosing survey by Tbilisi state University 45.
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