Edward Zwick Distributor. [7], The Bielski unit's partisans were primarily concerned with survival. … In one case, the Bielski partisans killed some 12 people from a Belorussian family who had betrayed 2 Jewish girls to the Germans. Subscribe Jewish brothers in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe escape into the Belarussian forests, where they join Russian resistance fighters and endeavor to build a village in order to protect themselves and about 1,000 Jewish non-combatants. The Bielski group foraged and gathered much of these materials, and tended to the fields. Bob Hoose. All the rest were designated as Kalinin (named for the Soviet head of state) and included some 800 people, including 160 armed defenders, that were based in Naliboki forest and provided services to other partisan groups in the forest as well as participating in sabotage and diversionary actions. Instead, its members operated field kitchens, hospitals, and bakeries and provided tailoring and cobbling services for Soviet soldiers. Defiance (2008) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. Free Daily Quotes. Bielski's unit participated in this operation. After performing reserve duty, he engaged in trade, eventually becoming a smuggler.[4]. [citation needed], In September 1943 General Platon ordered the splitting of the group. [41], Jewish partisan unit during World War II in Eastern Europe, Kazimierz Krajewski – "Opór"? [citation needed] Later Bielski ordered the destruction of Kessler's grave. The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Built a Village in the Forest, and Saved 1,200 Jews. [2], Tuvia Bielski was known for his authoritarian leadership style and was constantly involved in power struggles with other members of the unit. The Bielski partisans were a unit of Jewish partisans who rescued Jews from extermination and fought the German occupiers and their collaborators around Nowogródek (Navahrudak) and Lida in German-occupied Poland (now western Belarus). Before the war, Tuvia Bielski had received training in the Polish Army. Tailors patched up old clothing and stitched together new garments; shoemakers fixed old and made new footwear; leather-workers laboured on belts, bridles and saddles. On 1 April 1944, the group was renamed as the Bielski otriad. Defiance (Paramount Vantage), a new World War II film starring Daniel Craig and Liev Schreiber, is based on the true story of the Bielski brothers, smugglers who started a refugee community in the Belarusian forest of Poland in 1941 after their village was sacked by Polish police working for the Nazis. Tuvia Kisses Lilka. The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939-1945, Cambridge University Press. Levine, Allan. Info; Cast; Report; what going on? nr 3/2009 - Instytut Pamięci Narodowej page 105, Gazeta Wyborcza - 12 January 2009 Piotr Gluchowski, Marcin Kowalski< PIOTR GŁUCHOWSKI, MARCIN KOWALSKI Wojna polsko-ruska pod bokiem niemieckim. RELEASED JANUARY 2, 2009 ℗ 2008 DEFIANCE PRODUCTIONS, LLC. Polish September Campaign and Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)) in accord with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. In cooperation with Paramount and film director Edward Zwick, … Tuvia Bielski was the Polish leader of the Bielski group, Jewish partisans who set up a camp for Jews fleeing the Holocaust during World War II. Czy po prostu "polityka historyczna"? Artisans made goods and carried out repairs, providing the combatants with logistical support that later served the Soviet partisan units in the vicinity as well. He sent emissaries to infiltrate the area's ghettos, recruiting new members to the unit, which was sheltering in the Naliboki Forest. Tuvia and Zus eventually settled in New York where they operated a successful trucking business. [25] The remaining brothers escaped Soviet-controlled lands, emigrating to the West. Other peasants informed on the Jewish partisans in the forests to the Germans. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. After their parents and other relatives were murdered in a massacre of around 5,000 Jews on December 8, 1941, the Bielski brothers fled to the Belarusian forest and set up a partisan unit with Tuvia Bielski as the commander. The camp even had its own jail and court of law. Tuvia and his brothers had escaped the massacre and were hidden deep in the woods. Synopsis . [1], The partisans lived in underground dugouts (zemlyankas) or bunkers. Inspired by Tuvia’s remarkable courage and compassion, and the legacy of the Bielski Otriad, in 2008 Paramount Pictures portrayed his story in the major motion picture “Defiance”, starring Daniel Craig as Tuvia (see an image of Daniel Craig as Tuvia on a fake cabbie license for a scene that ended up getting cut from the film). [25] Some 135 Polish soldiers and 9 officers were arrested. Also available in the iTunes Store More by James Newton Howard & Joshua Bell. New Documents Reveal Why the USS Thresher Sunk, 8 Smokeless Fire Pits for Backyard Bonfires, Defiance: About Lilka Bielski, wife of Tuvia Bielski, This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. 15. When Tuvia died in 1987, he was buried in Long Island, New York, but a year later, at the urging of surviving partisans in Israel, he was exhumed and given a hero's funeral at Har HaMenuchot, the hillside graveyard in Jerusalem. Bielski Defiance Documentary/Synopsis “Becoming Bielski” is the inspiring true story of Tuvia, Zus and Asael Bielski, three Jewish brothers who refused to succumb to the hopeless circumstances of the Holocaust and took their fate into their own hands. Stream songs including "Defiance Main Titles", "Survivors" and more. With Courage Shall We Fight: The Memoirs and Poetry of Holocaust Resistance Fighters Frances "Fruma" Gulkowich Berger and Murray "Motke" Berger tells the story of two Bielski Brigade fighters before, during and after the war. The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection, in the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany, Saving One's Own: Jewish Rescuers During the Holocaust, "2 Earthquakes Lightly Shake Northern Israel", "The Bielski Brothers: Jerusalem in the Woods", "Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów - Plagiatorzy nagrodzeni ! [23][24], Following the German action, in which the Home Army unit lost 120 men and was forced out of the forest, Miłaszewski was replaced with Adolf Pilch, who was placed in charge of the Stolpce battalion. Yehuda Bielski, their first cousin and fellow partisan, moved to Israel to fight in the Irgun.[35]. He had been interested in the Zionist youth movement. Herds of cows supplied milk. The leadership managed a primitive infirmary, a school for the children, a synagogue, … Following one final parade, they disbanded. Prior to the manhunt, homeless refugees were mainly Jews who had escaped the ghetto, but in the fall of 1943 non-Jewish Belorussian, Polish, and Roma who managed to flee roamed in the forest. You can rent or buy the movie from … [30] The Soviet command, concerned about the unit's leadership, began an internal investigation into an alleged protection racket conducted by Bielski. Chernyshev cleared Bielski of the charges following an investigation. In his opinion, 14 Germans killed was not a substantial number for a two-year period. In another, the Bielski partisans killed several collaborators whose names they extracted from Ivan Tzwirkes, a collaborator with a Jewish wife. [28] According to Kazimierz Krajewski, in May 1944, the village of Kamień in Stolpce was attacked by a force including Bielski partisans; 23 Home Army soldiers and 20 civilians were killed. "Odwet"? His wife, Lilka, was buried beside him in 2001. The last living Bielski brother, Aron Bielski, emigrated to the US in 1951. It's the fact-based story of the Bielski brothers, who organized a Jewish partisan unit in the Belorussian forests to fight the Germans and their collaborators during World War II and rescue their fellow Jews. The camp's many children attended class in the dugout set up as a school. Aron lives in Florida. The unit's commander was the oldest brother, Tuvia, who had served in the Polish Army from 1927 to 1929, rising to the rank of corporal. As depicted in “Defiance,” the Bielski siblings persevered through a combination of intelligence, cunning, bravery and a capacity to endure extreme physical and emotional hardships. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union beginning 22 June 1941, Nowogródek became a Jewish ghetto, as the Germans took over the area and implemented their genocidal policies (see Holocaust in Poland and Holocaust in Belarus). TBD Director. Fugitives of the Forest. [37], A book (January 2009) in Polish by two reporters from Gazeta Wyborcza, Odwet: Prawdziwa historia braci Bielskich (Revenge: The True Story of the Bielski Brothers) was accused of consisting of plagiarism[38] and withdrawn. Bielski and Lilka were living in Brooklyn, New York, where they seemed to be a typical immigrant family. Listen to Defiance (Music from the Motion Picutre) by James Newton Howard & Joshua Bell on Apple Music. We … A unit member, Stepan Szupien, suggested to the Soviets that they arrest and execute Bielski, accusing him of confiscating money under the pretext of buying weapons. [25] Tuvia's cousin, Yehuda Bielski, was sought by the NKVD for having been an officer in the pre-war Polish Army but managed to escape with Tuvia's help and made his way to Hungary and then to Israel.[34]. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io, This Engineer Built a Real 'Star Wars' Lightsaber, We're Shook By Japan's 65-Foot Tall Godzilla, The Best Sci-Fi Movies on Netflix Right Now, Why the X-Wing Is Such a Badass Spaceplane, Please Leave AI Out of the Movie Business, Deepfake YouTuber Fixed De-Aging in 'The Irishman'. In 2006, the History Channel aired a documentary titled The Bielski Brothers: Jerusalem in the Woods, written and directed by filmmaker Dean Ward. Intro. New York: Lyons Press, 2008. Storyline On the run and hiding in the deep forests of the then German-occupied Poland and Belorussia (World War II), the four Bielski brothers find the impossible task of foraging for food and weapons for their survival. The Bielski partisans are seen by many Jews as heroes for having led as many refugees as they did away from the perils of war and the Holocaust. Yehuda Bielski, their first cousin and fellow partisan, moved to Israel to fight in the Irgun. [25][26] Fighting on the Soviet side, the Bielski partisans took part in clashes between Polish and Soviet forces. This caused hostility toward the partisans on the part of the peasants, though some willingly helped the Jewish partisans. A Hollywood Movie About Heroes or Murderers? Based on a true story, during World War II, four Jewish brothers escape their Nazi-occupied homeland of West Belarus in Poland and join the Soviet partisans to combat the Nazis. [33], Despite their previous cooperation with the Soviets, relations quickly worsened. Israel Kessler (who tried to organize a group of people to leave the Bielski camp and form their own unit)[29] and others sent letters to General Platon and other Soviet officials that Tuvia Bielski was holding gold and jewelry in contradiction to partisan orders to hand these over to headquarters. A metalworking shop established by Shmuel Oppenheim repaired damaged weapons and constructed new ones from spare parts. After the war, Tuvia Bielski returned to Poland, then emigrated to present-day Israel in 1945. Berger, Ralph S. and Albert S. Berger, editors "With Courage Shall We Fight: The Memoirs and Poetry of Frances "Fruma" Gulkowich Berger and Murray "Motke" Berger". Incredibly, the true story of the four Jewish siblings and their following—reported to have … nr 3/2009 - Instytut Pamięci Narodowej page 104. Bielski, who spoke thickly accented English, worked as a truck driver delivering plastic materials to companies throughout the New York metropolitan area. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. The unit originally numbered some 40 people, but quickly grew. By September 1943, the Soviets had begun a policy of confrontation against the Polish anti-Nazi underground, which it saw as a threat to their aims in Eastern Poland. By Michael April 25, 2018 6:44 am By MICHAEL EVAN MOORE. Tec writes that Jews in the area of Nowogrodek , or Navahrudak, welcomed the Soviet … [8] The Bielski partisan group decided to prioritize saving Jews;[9] Tuvia Bielski said "I would rather save one old Jewish woman than kill ten German soldiers".[10]. But brothers Tuvia and Zus Bielski refused to submit … [39], The feature film Defiance, co-written, produced and directed by Edward Zwick, was released internationally in January 2009. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. This allowed him to continue his mission of protecting Jewish lives and engaging in combat activity, but it would prove a problem later on. [11], Like other Soviet-affiliated partisan groups in the area, the Bielski partisans raided nearby villages and forcibly seized food; on occasion, peasants who refused to share their food with the partisans were subjected to violence, even murder. Partisan groups in the forest and surrounding villages suffered major casualties. The Hunger Games (Original Motion … While the buildings of the villages were partially demolished, much of the building material was left usable as well as some household goods. In the spring of 1942, together with 13 ghetto neighbors, they formed the nucleus of a partisan combat unit. The first group, named Ordzhonikidze (a famous Georgian communist), was a 180 mainly Jewish fighting detachment (commanded by a non-Jew Lyushenko). He changed his name to "Aron Bell." [8], The Bielski partisans had friendly relations with the local Home Army commander, 2nd Lt. Kacper Miłaszewski. The Bielski partisans, however, split into small groups and assembled back in their former base in the Jasinowo forest. He changed his name to "Aron Bell." While the Germans wrecked many communities, much was left behind in and around the forest that could sustain life. “Defiance” which was directed by Edward Zwick, and produced by paramount vantage. Defiance Quotes. "Family Camps in the Forest", in. This video was created and screened for the Bielski family at the Museum of Jewish Heritage on Sept. 14 2008, before watching... a special preview of the movie "Defiance." In addition, several utility structures were built: a kitchen, a mill, a bakery, a bathhouse, a medical clinic for the sick and wounded and a quarantine hut for those who suffered from infectious diseases such as typhus. At the beginning of 1943 German planes dropped leaflets in the area promising a 50,000 Reichsmark reward for assistance in the capture of Tuvia Bielski; this figure was subsequently doubled to 100,000 RM. Defiance is a 2008 war film directed by Edward Zwick, set in the western part of the Nazi occupied Belarusian SSR.. Fields, orchards, and beehives all had their produce and farm animals roamed the area around the forest. His wife, Lilka, was buried beside him in 2001. On 22 March 20 Jewish fighters managed to ambush a Nazi convoy and kill 12. Your email is only visible to moderators. Duffy, Peter, The Bielski Brothers. Bielski was in reality the man who many consider among the greatest heroes of anti-German resistance in World War II—a man who master-minded and … Could This Be the Air Force’s Next Fighter Jet? ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski; Liev Schreiber as Zus Bielski; Jamie Bell as Asael Bielski; George MacKay as Aron Bielski; Alexa Davalos as Lilka Ticktin Home Release Date. [25] The NKVD started interrogating the Bielski brothers about the rumors of loot they had reportedly collected during the war and about their failure to "implement socialist ideals in the camp". [29] According to witness Estera Gorodejska, a drunk Bielski personally executed Kessler with three shots. Comteq Publishing, 2010. How we test gear. A tannery, constructed to produce the hide for cobblers and leather workers, became a de facto synagogue because several tanners were devout Hasidic Jews. Tuvia and Zus eventually settled in New York where they operated a successful trucking business. Before World War II, the Bielski family had been millers and grocers[3] in Stankiewicze (Stankievichy), near Nowogródek, an area that at the outbreak of the war belonged to Poland and in September 1939 was occupied by the Soviet Union (cf. 4:22 PREVIEW 15 SONGS, 50 MINUTES. [8] Their main task, though, was forced requisitioning of food and other supplies from the local population. This page was last edited on 8 February 2021, at 04:57. Tuvia Bielski: Our revenge is to live. [6], Some accounts note the inequality between well-off partisans and poor inhabitants of the camp. The … By war's end, they had saved 1,200 people from certain death. The leaflets, which were intended for the Christian population, also reached Jews and provided motivation and courage to attempt an escape to the forest camp. ", "Książka o braciach Bielskich wycofana z dystrybucji", "Country split over whether Daniel Craig is film hero or villain", Announcement of the start of the IPN investigation (unofficial English-language translation), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielski_partisans&oldid=1005535352, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Alperowitz, Yitzchak. The Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation (JPEF) recommends that parents, guardians, or … [16][17][18][19], According to partisan documentation, in the period from the fall of 1943 to summer 1944 the Bielski fighters (1,140 Jews, 149 of whom were armed combatants) claimed to have carried out 38 combat missions, destroying 2 locomotives, 23 train cars, 32 telegraph poles, and 4 bridges. [11] They also conducted sabotage. [25] Pilch's unit would continue to fight the Soviet partisans. The Bielski family were millers and grocers in Stankiewicze (Stankievichy) near Nowogródek, an area that at the beginning of the Second World War belonged to the Second Polish Republic and was occupied by the Soviet Union in September 1939 (cf. Asael Bielski Jamie Bell; Lilka Ticktin Alexa Davalos; Isaac Malbin Mark Feuerstein; Ben Zion Gulkowitz Tomas Arana; Bella Iben Hjejle Viktor Panchenko Ravil Isyanov; Arkady Lubczanski Sam Spruell; Chaya Dziencielsky Mia Wasikowska Defiance is a 2008 World War II film starring Daniel Craig and Liev Schreiber as brothers who decide to take the fight to the enemy during the German occupation of … "Tuvia Bielski", in, Arad, Yitzhak. [12], In August 1943 the Germans conducted a major clearing operation, Operation Hermann (also dubbed the "big hunt"), against villages and partisan groups in the Naliboki Forest. None of the Bielskis ever sought any praise or reward for their actions. [32], In the summer of 1944, following the Soviet Operation Bagration which allowed them to regain control over Belarus, the Kalinin unit, numbering some 1,200 of which 70 per cent were women, elderly and children, marched into Nowogródek. By the end of the war they numbered as many as 1,236 members, most of whom were non-combatants, including children and the elderly. The last living Bielski brother, Aron Bielski, emigrated to the US in 1951. Carpenters, hat-makers, barbers and watchmakers served their own community and guests. Viewtopia 06/02/09: The Week in DVD Releases, Viewtopia 05/05/09: The Week in DVD Releases, How to Build Your Own Home -Brewing Mash Tun, Fab at Home , Open-Source 3D Printer, Lets Users Make Anything, Viewtopia 09/15/09: Top 5 DVDs of the Week (With Video! The Bedzowskis readily accepted Tuvia’s help. The remainder of the Bell family now lives in upstate New York and California. [8] Further, Krajewski believes these numbers to be overestimated. [1] However, as their relations with the non-Jewish population were strained and occasionally violent, their wartime record has been the subject of some controversy in Poland.[2]. Defiance: About Lilka Bielski, wife of Tuvia Bielski. 0 0 votes. [1] About 150 people engaged in armed operations. "In addition, the group established a mill, a bakery, and a laundry. The Bielski partisans spent more than two years living in the forest. Popular Mechanics participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. Under the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland, the remainder of the Bielski family served as low-level administrators for the Soviets, with Tuvia Bielski becoming a commissar. However, unlike other partisan groups, fighting the enemy was not their highest goal. Polish September Campaign and Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)) in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union.The Bielski family took part as low level administrators in the new government se… It features Tuvia & Lilka Bielski, Zus & Sonia Bielski, their children, lots of other Bielskis, and many of the partisan survivors! Hundreds of men, women, and children eventually found their way to the Bielski encampment; at its peak, the unit hosted 1,236 people, 70 per cent of them women, children and elderly; no one was turned away. Tuvia proclaimed, “I would rather save the life of one old Jewish woman than kill ten Nazis.” The Bielski partisans ultimately saved over 1,200 Jews. However, Pilch managed to evade capture along with 50 others; according to Pilch the Bielski partisans were too distracted with pillaging the Polish camp in search of valuables, which allowed him to escape capture. [25] In December, the Soviets drew Plich's men into a trap by inviting them to "friendly talks", then surrounded Pilch's men and threatened to execute kidnapped Polish officers unless the unit surrendered. It is now part of the Courage & Compassion exhibit at the Florida Holocaust Museum Several attempts by Soviet commanders to absorb the Bielski fighters into their units were resisted,[citation needed] and the Jewish partisan group retained its integrity and remained under Tuvia Bielski's command. More than 125 workers toiled in the workshops, which became famous among partisans far beyond the Bielski base. "Defiance" is not your typical Holocaust movie, and not just because the reigning James Bond plays the hero. Freedom begins with an act of defiance Dec. 31, 2008 United States 137 Min. His wife, Lilka, was buried beside him in 2001. In 1941, Hitler began the systematic slaughter of Poland’s Jewish citizens. Their camp was situated in the Naliboki forest, which was part of Poland between World War I and World War II, and which is now in western Belarus. However, their primary mission was the preservation of Jewish lives. Aron lives in Florida. World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West, in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939-45, The Morality of Self-defense and Military Action: The Judeo-Christian Tradition, http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/28/bielski_brothers.asp#09. The movie is rated R, mostly for violence. Czy po prostu "polityka historyczna"? Due to their poor equipment and training, they were not assigned main combat roles. [15] As the region was already pacified[tone] by the Germans and many villages were burned to the ground, the local population was in an especially dire situation. In August 1943 the Germans conducted a large-scale pacification operation in the Naliboki Forest, inflicting losses on civilians, Polish Home Army units, Soviet partisans, and the Bielski group. None of the Bielskis ever sought any recognition or reward for their actions. Defiance – Score Analysis. After the war, Tuvia Bielski returned to Poland, then emigrated to present-day Israel in 1945. "Odwet"? We may earn commission if you buy from a link. Two English language books have focused on the Bielski story: Defiance (1993) by Nechama Tec and The Bielski Brothers (2004) by Peter Duffy. Bielski's band built a functioning village in the forest. Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story of Jewish Resistance and Survival During the Second World War, by Allan Levine (first published 1998, 2008 reissue, by Lyons Press),[36] tells the story of Jewish fighters and refugees in forests across Europe, including the Bielski partisans. Movie Review. Bielski scouts constantly searched the roads for Jewish escapees in need of protection. Comments Share Tuvia Bielski (May 8, 1906 – June 12, 1987) was the leader of the partisan group the Bielski partisans who were situated in the Naliboki forest in pre-war Poland (now Western Belarus) during World War II. ). [25] Asael Bielski was conscripted into the Soviet Red Army and died in the Battle of Königsberg in 1945. [20] In total, the Bielski partisans claimed during the war to have killed 381 enemy fighters (in part, jointly with Soviet groups) and to have lost 50 members. Miłaszewski, a native of the region, located his camp a kilometer from the Bielski camp, and according to Tuvia Bielski's memoirs felt a deep sympathy for the Bielski group because it sheltered women, elderly, and children. When Tuvia died in 1987, he was buried in Long Island, New York, but a year later, at the urging of surviving partisans in Israel, he was exhumed and given a hero's funeral at Har HaMenuchot, the hillside graveyard in Jerusalem. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. The four Bielski brothers, Tuvia, Alexander (also known as "Zus"), Asael, and Aron, fled into the nearby forests after their parents and other family members had been killed in the ghetto on 8 December 1941. Snyder, Timothy, "Caught Between Hitler & Stalin", Kazimierz Krajewski – "Opór"? [13] The communities around the Naliboki forest were devastated, the Germans deported the non-Jewish residents fit for work to Germany for slave labor and murdered most of the rest. James Newton Howard, Joshua Bell, Nick Ingman. The partisan unit was named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who organized and led the community. Determined to save as many Jews as possible, the Bielski group was welcoming all escaped Jews into their encampment. [29][31] Bielski viewed Kessler's actions as rebellion, put Kessler on trial, and executed him. incredible but true story of the Bielski brothers, Tuvia, Zus, Asael, and Aron (played by Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell, and George MacKay) who, against all odds during World War II, survived in the forest, fought the Germans, and saved approximately 1,200 Jewish lives. … [27] On 5 March 1944, Zus's fighter detachment and Soviet forces jointly attacked a group of Polish fighters, killing 47 and injuring 20 more. [21][22], According to Kazimierz Krajewski [pl], a November 1943 report from Tuvia Bielski to the Soviet command stated that in two years of operations Bielski Otriad killed 14 Germans, 17 policemen, and 33 spies and provocateurs (Krajewski thinks these likely included peasants unsympathetic to Soviet partisans or who had resisted being plundered). 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